diff --git a/src/modules/qqbot/core/application/send/qqbot-send.error.ts b/src/modules/qqbot/core/application/send/qqbot-send.error.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2d90db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/modules/qqbot/core/application/send/qqbot-send.error.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import type { QqbotSendAttemptErrorOptions } from '../../contract/message-push/qqbot-message-push.types';
+
+/** Represents a retryable or permanent strict QQBot delivery attempt failure. */
+export class QqbotSendAttemptError extends Error {
+  readonly code: string;
+  readonly retryable: boolean;
+  readonly sendLogId: null | string;
+
+  /**
+   * Preserves the stable retry classification and optional pending send-log identity.
+   * @param options - The approved code, non-sensitive message, retry policy, and log ID.
+   */
+  constructor(options: QqbotSendAttemptErrorOptions) {
+    super(options.message);
+    this.name = 'QqbotSendAttemptError';
+    this.code = options.code;
+    this.retryable = options.retryable;
+    this.sendLogId = options.sendLogId;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/modules/qqbot/core/application/send/qqbot-send.service.ts b/src/modules/qqbot/core/application/send/qqbot-send.service.ts
index 98dc242..eb1cc4a 100644
--- a/src/modules/qqbot/core/application/send/qqbot-send.service.ts
+++ b/src/modules/qqbot/core/application/send/qqbot-send.service.ts
@@ -16,12 +16,26 @@ import {
   QQBOT_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE,
 } from '../../contract/qqbot.constants';
 import { QqbotRateLimitService } from './qqbot-rate-limit.service';
+import { QqbotSendAttemptError } from './qqbot-send.error';
 import { QqbotSendLog } from '../../infrastructure/persistence/send/qqbot-send-log.entity';
+import { QqbotReverseWsActionError } from '../../infrastructure/integration/connection/qqbot-reverse-ws.service';
+import type { QqbotAccount } from '../../infrastructure/persistence/account/qqbot-account.entity';
 import type {
   QqbotSendGroupDto,
   QqbotSendLogQueryDto,
   QqbotSendPrivateDto,
 } from '../../contract/send/qqbot-send.dto';
+import type { StrictPlainTextSendInput } from '../../contract/message-push/qqbot-message-push.types';
+
+type SendPipelineInput = {
+  action: string;
+  actionParams: Record<string, any>;
+  audit?: { attemptNumber: number; deliveryId: string };
+  message: string;
+  strict: boolean;
+  targetId: string;
+  targetType: QqbotMessageType;
+};
 
 @Injectable()
 export class QqbotSendService {
@@ -126,88 +140,65 @@ export class QqbotSendService {
       throwVbenError('没有可用 QQBot 账号');
     }
 
-    await this.rateLimitService.waitForSendSlot(
-      account.selfId,
-      params.targetId,
-    );
-
     const { action, actionParams } = this.buildAction(params);
-    const storedMessageText = this.toolsService.toStoredMessageText(
-      params.message,
-    );
-    const storedActionParams = this.toStoredActionParams(
+    return this.sendWithAccount(account, {
+      action,
       actionParams,
-      storedMessageText,
-    );
+      message: params.message,
+      strict: false,
+      targetId: params.targetId,
+      targetType: params.targetType,
+    });
+  }
 
-    const log = await this.sendLogRepository.save(
-      this.sendLogRepository.create({
-        action,
-        messageText: storedMessageText,
-        params: storedActionParams,
-        selfId: account.selfId,
-        status: 'pending',
-        targetId: params.targetId,
-        targetType: params.targetType,
-      }),
-    );
-
-    await this.busService.publish(
-      QQBOT_MQTT_TOPICS.commandSend(account.selfId),
-      {
-        action,
-        logId: log.id,
-        params: actionParams,
-        selfId: account.selfId,
-      },
-    );
-
-    try {
-      const reverseWsService = await this.getReverseWsService();
-      const response = await reverseWsService.sendAction(
-        account.selfId,
-        action,
-        actionParams,
-      );
-      const success = response.status === 'ok' || response.retcode === 0;
-      const messageId = response.data?.message_id
-        ? `${response.data.message_id}`
-        : null;
-      await this.sendLogRepository.update(
-        { id: log.id },
-        {
-          echo: response.echo || null,
-          errorMessage: success ? null : response.message || 'OneBot 发送失败',
-          messageId,
-          response: response as any,
-          status: success ? 'success' : 'failed',
-        },
-      );
-
-      if (success) {
-        await this.messageService.saveOutgoing({
-          messageId,
-          messageText: storedMessageText,
-          messageType: params.targetType,
-          selfId: account.selfId,
-          targetId: params.targetId,
-          userId:
-            params.targetType === 'private' ? params.targetId : account.selfId,
-        });
-      }
-      if (!success) throwVbenError(response.message || 'OneBot 发送失败');
-      return { ...response, logId: log.id };
-    } catch (err) {
-      const message = this.toolsService.getErrorMessage(err, 'OneBot 发送失败');
-      await this.sendLogRepository.update(
-        { id: log.id },
-        {
-          errorMessage: message,
-          status: 'failed',
-        },
-      );
-      throwVbenError(message);
+  /**
+   * Sends a single text segment through exactly the configured enabled QQBot account.
+   * @param input - A durable delivery attempt whose account and target must not fall back.
+   * @returns The OneBot response together with the created send-log ID.
+   */
+  async sendStrictPlainText(input: StrictPlainTextSendInput) {
+    const account = await this.accountService.findBySelfId(input.selfId);
+    if (!account || account.isDeleted || !account.enabled) {
+      throw new QqbotSendAttemptError({
+        code: 'account_unavailable',
+        message: 'Configured QQBot account is unavailable',
+        retryable: true,
+        sendLogId: null,
+      });
     }
+    if (input.targetType !== 'group' && input.targetType !== 'private') {
+      throw new QqbotSendAttemptError({
+        code: 'invalid_target_type',
+        message: 'Strict QQBot delivery only supports group or private targets',
+        retryable: false,
+        sendLogId: null,
+      });
+    }
+
+    const action =
+      input.targetType === 'group' ? 'send_group_msg' : 'send_private_msg';
+    const actionParams =
+      input.targetType === 'group'
+        ? {
+            group_id: input.targetId,
+            message: this.toTextSegment(input.message),
+          }
+        : {
+            message: this.toTextSegment(input.message),
+            user_id: input.targetId,
+          };
+    return this.sendWithAccount(account, {
+      action,
+      actionParams,
+      audit: {
+        attemptNumber: input.attemptNumber,
+        deliveryId: input.deliveryId,
+      },
+      message: input.message,
+      strict: true,
+      targetId: input.targetId,
+      targetType: input.targetType,
+    });
   }
 
   /**
@@ -222,6 +213,206 @@ export class QqbotSendService {
     });
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Runs the common QQBot send lifecycle for legacy and strict callers.
+   * @param account - The already selected QQBot account.
+   * @param input - The wire action and storage-safe delivery metadata.
+   * @returns The OneBot response together with the created send-log ID.
+   */
+  private async sendWithAccount(
+    account: QqbotAccount,
+    input: SendPipelineInput,
+  ) {
+    try {
+      await this.rateLimitService.waitForSendSlot(
+        account.selfId,
+        input.targetId,
+      );
+    } catch (err) {
+      this.throwSendFailure(input.strict, err, null);
+    }
+
+    const storedMessageText = this.toolsService.toStoredMessageText(
+      input.message,
+    );
+    const storedActionParams = {
+      ...this.toStoredActionParams(input.actionParams, storedMessageText),
+      ...(input.audit ? { messagePush: input.audit } : {}),
+    };
+    let log: QqbotSendLog;
+    try {
+      log = await this.sendLogRepository.save(
+        this.sendLogRepository.create({
+          action: input.action,
+          messageText: storedMessageText,
+          params: storedActionParams,
+          selfId: account.selfId,
+          status: 'pending',
+          targetId: input.targetId,
+          targetType: input.targetType,
+        }),
+      );
+    } catch (err) {
+      this.throwSendFailure(input.strict, err, null);
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await this.busService.publish(
+        QQBOT_MQTT_TOPICS.commandSend(account.selfId),
+        {
+          action: input.action,
+          logId: log!.id,
+          params: input.actionParams,
+          selfId: account.selfId,
+        },
+      );
+      const reverseWsService = await this.getReverseWsService();
+      const response = await reverseWsService.sendAction(
+        account.selfId,
+        input.action,
+        input.actionParams,
+      );
+      const success = response.status === 'ok' || response.retcode === 0;
+      const messageId = response.data?.message_id
+        ? `${response.data.message_id}`
+        : null;
+      if (!success) {
+        const message = response.message || 'OneBot rejected the send action';
+        if (input.strict) {
+          const error = new QqbotSendAttemptError({
+            code: 'onebot_rejected',
+            message,
+            retryable: false,
+            sendLogId: log!.id,
+          });
+          await this.markFailedLog(log!.id, message);
+          throw error;
+        }
+        await this.sendLogRepository.update(
+          { id: log!.id },
+          {
+            echo: response.echo || null,
+            errorMessage: message,
+            messageId,
+            response: response as any,
+            status: 'failed',
+          },
+        );
+        throwVbenError(message);
+      }
+
+      await this.sendLogRepository.update(
+        { id: log!.id },
+        {
+          echo: response.echo || null,
+          errorMessage: null,
+          messageId,
+          response: response as any,
+          status: 'success',
+        },
+      );
+      await this.messageService.saveOutgoing({
+        messageId,
+        messageText: storedMessageText,
+        messageType: input.targetType,
+        selfId: account.selfId,
+        targetId: input.targetId,
+        userId:
+          input.targetType === 'private' ? input.targetId : account.selfId,
+      });
+      return { ...response, logId: log!.id };
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (input.strict && err instanceof QqbotSendAttemptError) throw err;
+      const message = this.toolsService.getErrorMessage(
+        err,
+        'OneBot send failed',
+      );
+      if (input.strict) {
+        const error = this.toStrictSendError(err, message, log!.id);
+        await this.markFailedLog(log!.id, error.message);
+        throw error;
+      }
+      await this.sendLogRepository.update(
+        { id: log!.id },
+        { errorMessage: message, status: 'failed' },
+      );
+      throwVbenError(message);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts an arbitrary string into the sole strict OneBot text segment.
+   * @param message - The literal text that must not be interpreted as CQ code.
+   * @returns A single OneBot text segment.
+   */
+  private toTextSegment(message: string) {
+    return [{ data: { text: message }, type: 'text' }];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Marks a pending strict send log as failed without masking the original failure.
+   * @param logId - The pending send-log ID.
+   * @param message - A non-sensitive failure summary.
+   */
+  private async markFailedLog(logId: string, message: string) {
+    try {
+      await this.sendLogRepository.update(
+        { id: logId },
+        { errorMessage: message, status: 'failed' },
+      );
+    } catch {
+      // The typed delivery failure is more important than a secondary log-update failure.
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts strict transport and infrastructure failures to stable delivery classifications.
+   * @param err - The original failure.
+   * @param message - Its non-sensitive safe summary.
+   * @param sendLogId - The pending log ID, if creation succeeded.
+   * @returns A stable strict delivery error.
+   */
+  private toStrictSendError(
+    err: unknown,
+    message: string,
+    sendLogId: null | string,
+  ) {
+    if (err instanceof QqbotReverseWsActionError) {
+      return new QqbotSendAttemptError({
+        code: err.code,
+        message,
+        retryable: true,
+        sendLogId,
+      });
+    }
+    return new QqbotSendAttemptError({
+      code: 'onebot_disconnected',
+      message,
+      retryable: true,
+      sendLogId,
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Throws either the strict typed error or the legacy Vben-compatible error.
+   * @param strict - Whether the caller requires stable delivery retry metadata.
+   * @param err - The original failure.
+   * @param sendLogId - The pending log ID, if creation succeeded.
+   */
+  private throwSendFailure(
+    strict: boolean,
+    err: unknown,
+    sendLogId: null | string,
+  ): never {
+    const message = this.toolsService.getErrorMessage(
+      err,
+      'OneBot send failed',
+    );
+    if (strict) throw this.toStrictSendError(err, message, sendLogId);
+    throwVbenError(message);
+    throw new Error(message);
+  }
+
   /**
    * 创建 QQBot 核心对象或配置。
    * @param params - QQBot列表；使用 `targetType`、`targetId`、`message`、`channelId` 字段生成结果。
@@ -265,11 +456,16 @@ export class QqbotSendService {
     actionParams: Record<string, any>,
     storedMessageText: string,
   ) {
+    const message = actionParams.message;
     return {
       ...actionParams,
-      ...(actionParams.message === undefined
+      ...(message === undefined
         ? {}
-        : { message: storedMessageText }),
+        : {
+            message: Array.isArray(message)
+              ? this.toTextSegment(storedMessageText)
+              : storedMessageText,
+          }),
     };
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/modules/qqbot/core/infrastructure/integration/connection/qqbot-reverse-ws.service.ts b/src/modules/qqbot/core/infrastructure/integration/connection/qqbot-reverse-ws.service.ts
index 07230a7..4cf559f 100644
--- a/src/modules/qqbot/core/infrastructure/integration/connection/qqbot-reverse-ws.service.ts
+++ b/src/modules/qqbot/core/infrastructure/integration/connection/qqbot-reverse-ws.service.ts
@@ -24,6 +24,22 @@ import { QqbotAccountService } from '../../../application/account/qqbot-account.
 import { QqbotEventService } from '../../../application/event/qqbot-event.service';
 import { QqbotBusService } from '../bus/qqbot-bus.service';
 
+/** Represents a machine-readable reverse WebSocket availability failure. */
+export class QqbotReverseWsActionError extends Error {
+  /**
+   * Creates a stable reverse WebSocket action failure.
+   * @param code - Distinguishes a disconnected socket from an action timeout.
+   * @param message - A non-sensitive operator-facing error summary.
+   */
+  constructor(
+    public readonly code: 'onebot_disconnected' | 'onebot_timeout',
+    message: string,
+  ) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = 'QqbotReverseWsActionError';
+  }
+}
+
 @Injectable()
 export class QqbotReverseWsService
   implements OnApplicationBootstrap, OnModuleDestroy
@@ -111,18 +127,32 @@ export class QqbotReverseWsService
       params,
     };
 
-    const responsePromise = new Promise<QqbotOneBotActionResponse>(
-      (resolve, reject) => {
-        const timer = setTimeout(() => {
-          this.pendingActions.delete(echo);
-          this.closeTimedOutConnection(selfId, ws);
-          reject(new Error('OneBot action timeout'));
-        }, this.getActionTimeout());
-        this.pendingActions.set(echo, { reject, resolve, timer });
-      },
-    );
-    ws.send(JSON.stringify(payload));
-    return responsePromise;
+    return new Promise<QqbotOneBotActionResponse>((resolve, reject) => {
+      const timer = setTimeout(() => {
+        this.pendingActions.delete(echo);
+        this.closeTimedOutConnection(selfId, ws);
+        reject(
+          new QqbotReverseWsActionError(
+            'onebot_timeout',
+            'OneBot action timed out',
+          ),
+        );
+      }, this.getActionTimeout());
+      this.pendingActions.set(echo, { reject, resolve, timer });
+
+      try {
+        ws.send(JSON.stringify(payload));
+      } catch {
+        clearTimeout(timer);
+        this.pendingActions.delete(echo);
+        reject(
+          new QqbotReverseWsActionError(
+            'onebot_disconnected',
+            'OneBot connection is unavailable',
+          ),
+        );
+      }
+    });
   }
 
   /**
@@ -376,7 +406,10 @@ export class QqbotReverseWsService
     const api = this.connections.get(this.getConnectionKey(selfId, 'API'));
     const ws = api || universal;
     if (!ws || ws.readyState !== WebSocket.OPEN) {
-      throw new Error(`QQBot ${selfId} 未连接可用 API WS`);
+      throw new QqbotReverseWsActionError(
+        'onebot_disconnected',
+        'OneBot connection is unavailable',
+      );
     }
     return ws;
   }
diff --git a/test/modules/qqbot/core/qqbot-core-send-contract.spec.ts b/test/modules/qqbot/core/qqbot-core-send-contract.spec.ts
index 0b9e9a0..6b4944a 100644
--- a/test/modules/qqbot/core/qqbot-core-send-contract.spec.ts
+++ b/test/modules/qqbot/core/qqbot-core-send-contract.spec.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { QQBOT_CORE_DOMAIN_CONTRACT } from '../../../../src/modules/qqbot/core/contract/qqbot-core.contract';
+import { QqbotSendAttemptError } from '../../../../src/modules/qqbot/core/application/send/qqbot-send.error';
 import { readRefactorV3SqlSchema } from '../../../helpers/sql-schema.helper';
 
 describe('QQBot core send contract', () => {
@@ -64,4 +65,20 @@ describe('QQBot core send contract', () => {
       'expires_at',
     ]);
   });
+
+  it('keeps strict delivery error classification explicit', () => {
+    const error = new QqbotSendAttemptError({
+      code: 'onebot_disconnected',
+      message: 'OneBot unavailable',
+      retryable: true,
+      sendLogId: null,
+    });
+
+    expect(error).toMatchObject({
+      code: 'onebot_disconnected',
+      name: 'QqbotSendAttemptError',
+      retryable: true,
+      sendLogId: null,
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/modules/qqbot/message-push/qqbot-strict-send.spec.ts b/test/modules/qqbot/message-push/qqbot-strict-send.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca7ac42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/modules/qqbot/message-push/qqbot-strict-send.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+import { QqbotSendAttemptError } from '../../../../src/modules/qqbot/core/application/send/qqbot-send.error';
+import { QqbotSendService } from '../../../../src/modules/qqbot/core/application/send/qqbot-send.service';
+import {
+  QqbotReverseWsActionError,
+  QqbotReverseWsService,
+} from '../../../../src/modules/qqbot/core/infrastructure/integration/connection/qqbot-reverse-ws.service';
+
+const account = {
+  enabled: true,
+  isDeleted: false,
+  selfId: '10001',
+};
+
+/** Creates bounded fakes for the strict QQBot send contract. */
+const createHarness = () => {
+  const accountService = {
+    findBySelfId: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(account),
+    getDefaultAccount: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(account),
+  };
+  const sendLogRepository = {
+    create: jest.fn((value) => value),
+    save: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ id: 'log-1' }),
+    update: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+  };
+  const busService = { publish: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined) };
+  const messageService = {
+    saveOutgoing: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+  };
+  const reverseWs = {
+    sendAction: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+      data: { message_id: 'message-1' },
+      echo: 'echo-1',
+      retcode: 0,
+      status: 'ok',
+    }),
+  };
+  const moduleRef = { get: jest.fn().mockReturnValue(reverseWs) };
+  const rateLimitService = {
+    waitForSendSlot: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+  };
+  const toolsService = {
+    getErrorMessage: jest.fn((error, fallback) => error?.message || fallback),
+    getPageParams: jest.fn(),
+    toStoredMessageText: jest.fn((message) => `stored:${message}`),
+  };
+  const service = new QqbotSendService(
+    sendLogRepository as any,
+    accountService as any,
+    busService as any,
+    messageService as any,
+    moduleRef as any,
+    rateLimitService as any,
+    toolsService as any,
+  );
+  return {
+    accountService,
+    busService,
+    messageService,
+    rateLimitService,
+    reverseWs,
+    sendLogRepository,
+    service,
+  };
+};
+
+describe('QQBot strict plain-text sender', () => {
+  it.each([
+    null,
+    { ...account, enabled: false },
+    { ...account, isDeleted: true },
+  ])(
+    'never falls back when the configured account is unavailable',
+    async (configuredAccount) => {
+      const { accountService, service } = createHarness();
+      accountService.findBySelfId.mockResolvedValue(configuredAccount);
+
+      await expect(
+        service.sendStrictPlainText({
+          attemptNumber: 1,
+          deliveryId: 'delivery-1',
+          message: 'test',
+          selfId: 'missing',
+          targetId: '20001',
+          targetType: 'group',
+        }),
+      ).rejects.toMatchObject({
+        code: 'account_unavailable',
+        retryable: true,
+        sendLogId: null,
+      });
+      expect(accountService.getDefaultAccount).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    },
+  );
+
+  it.each([
+    [
+      'group',
+      'send_group_msg',
+      {
+        group_id: '20001',
+        message: [{ data: { text: '[CQ:at,qq=12345]' }, type: 'text' }],
+      },
+    ],
+    [
+      'private',
+      'send_private_msg',
+      {
+        message: [{ data: { text: '[CQ:at,qq=12345]' }, type: 'text' }],
+        user_id: '20001',
+      },
+    ],
+  ] as const)(
+    'sends strict %s targets as one ordinary text segment with string identifiers',
+    async (targetType, action, params) => {
+      const {
+        busService,
+        rateLimitService,
+        reverseWs,
+        sendLogRepository,
+        service,
+      } = createHarness();
+
+      await expect(
+        service.sendStrictPlainText({
+          attemptNumber: 2,
+          deliveryId: 'delivery-2',
+          message: '[CQ:at,qq=12345]',
+          selfId: '10001',
+          targetId: '20001',
+          targetType,
+        }),
+      ).resolves.toMatchObject({ logId: 'log-1', status: 'ok' });
+
+      expect(rateLimitService.waitForSendSlot).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        '10001',
+        '20001',
+      );
+      expect(
+        rateLimitService.waitForSendSlot.mock.invocationCallOrder[0],
+      ).toBeLessThan(reverseWs.sendAction.mock.invocationCallOrder[0]);
+      expect(sendLogRepository.save).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          action,
+          messageText: 'stored:[CQ:at,qq=12345]',
+          params: {
+            ...params,
+            message: [
+              { data: { text: 'stored:[CQ:at,qq=12345]' }, type: 'text' },
+            ],
+            messagePush: { attemptNumber: 2, deliveryId: 'delivery-2' },
+          },
+        }),
+      );
+      expect(busService.publish).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        'qqbot/10001/command/send',
+        expect.objectContaining({ action, params }),
+      );
+      expect(reverseWs.sendAction).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        '10001',
+        action,
+        params,
+      );
+      expect(busService.publish.mock.calls[0][1].params).not.toHaveProperty(
+        'messagePush',
+      );
+      expect(reverseWs.sendAction.mock.calls[0][2]).not.toHaveProperty(
+        'messagePush',
+      );
+      expect(sendLogRepository.update).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        { id: 'log-1' },
+        expect.objectContaining({ status: 'success' }),
+      );
+    },
+  );
+
+  it('persists exactly one outgoing record after a strict success', async () => {
+    const { messageService, service } = createHarness();
+
+    await service.sendStrictPlainText({
+      attemptNumber: 1,
+      deliveryId: 'delivery-1',
+      message: 'plain text',
+      selfId: '10001',
+      targetId: '20001',
+      targetType: 'private',
+    });
+
+    expect(messageService.saveOutgoing).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(messageService.saveOutgoing).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      messageId: 'message-1',
+      messageText: 'stored:plain text',
+      messageType: 'private',
+      selfId: '10001',
+      targetId: '20001',
+      userId: '20001',
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('rejects OneBot non-success responses permanently and retains the pending log', async () => {
+    const { messageService, reverseWs, sendLogRepository, service } =
+      createHarness();
+    reverseWs.sendAction.mockResolvedValue({
+      message: 'bad target',
+      retcode: 1404,
+      status: 'failed',
+    });
+
+    await expect(
+      service.sendStrictPlainText({
+        attemptNumber: 1,
+        deliveryId: 'delivery-1',
+        message: 'plain text',
+        selfId: '10001',
+        targetId: '20001',
+        targetType: 'group',
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toMatchObject({
+      code: 'onebot_rejected',
+      retryable: false,
+      sendLogId: 'log-1',
+    });
+    expect(sendLogRepository.update).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      { id: 'log-1' },
+      expect.objectContaining({ errorMessage: 'bad target', status: 'failed' }),
+    );
+    expect(messageService.saveOutgoing).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it.each([
+    [
+      new QqbotReverseWsActionError('onebot_timeout', 'timeout'),
+      'onebot_timeout',
+    ],
+    [
+      new QqbotReverseWsActionError('onebot_disconnected', 'offline'),
+      'onebot_disconnected',
+    ],
+  ])(
+    'keeps retryable reverse WS classifications and the log identity',
+    async (error, code) => {
+      const { reverseWs, sendLogRepository, service } = createHarness();
+      reverseWs.sendAction.mockRejectedValue(error);
+
+      await expect(
+        service.sendStrictPlainText({
+          attemptNumber: 1,
+          deliveryId: 'delivery-1',
+          message: 'plain text',
+          selfId: '10001',
+          targetId: '20001',
+          targetType: 'group',
+        }),
+      ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code, retryable: true, sendLogId: 'log-1' });
+      expect(sendLogRepository.update).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        { id: 'log-1' },
+        expect.objectContaining({ status: 'failed' }),
+      );
+    },
+  );
+
+  it('retains the original retryable classification when failed-log persistence also fails', async () => {
+    const { reverseWs, sendLogRepository, service } = createHarness();
+    reverseWs.sendAction.mockRejectedValue(new Error('bus unavailable'));
+    sendLogRepository.update.mockRejectedValue(
+      new Error('log write unavailable'),
+    );
+
+    await expect(
+      service.sendStrictPlainText({
+        attemptNumber: 1,
+        deliveryId: 'delivery-1',
+        message: 'plain text',
+        selfId: '10001',
+        targetId: '20001',
+        targetType: 'group',
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toMatchObject({
+      code: 'onebot_disconnected',
+      retryable: true,
+      sendLogId: 'log-1',
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('rejects an invalid strict target before rate limiting, logs, or transport', async () => {
+    const {
+      busService,
+      rateLimitService,
+      reverseWs,
+      sendLogRepository,
+      service,
+    } = createHarness();
+
+    await expect(
+      service.sendStrictPlainText({
+        attemptNumber: 1,
+        deliveryId: 'delivery-1',
+        message: 'plain text',
+        selfId: '10001',
+        targetId: '20001',
+        targetType: 'channel' as never,
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toMatchObject({
+      code: 'invalid_target_type',
+      retryable: false,
+      sendLogId: null,
+    });
+    expect(rateLimitService.waitForSendSlot).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(sendLogRepository.save).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(busService.publish).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(reverseWs.sendAction).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('keeps manual sendText default resolution and legacy CQ string payloads', async () => {
+    const {
+      accountService,
+      busService,
+      messageService,
+      rateLimitService,
+      reverseWs,
+      sendLogRepository,
+      service,
+    } = createHarness();
+
+    await service.sendText({
+      message: '[CQ:at,qq=12345]',
+      selfId: 'missing',
+      targetId: '20001',
+      targetType: 'group',
+    });
+
+    expect(accountService.getDefaultAccount).toHaveBeenCalledWith('missing');
+    expect(
+      rateLimitService.waitForSendSlot.mock.invocationCallOrder[0],
+    ).toBeLessThan(reverseWs.sendAction.mock.invocationCallOrder[0]);
+    expect(reverseWs.sendAction).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      '10001',
+      'send_group_msg',
+      {
+        group_id: '20001',
+        message: '[CQ:at,qq=12345]',
+      },
+    );
+    expect(busService.publish).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(sendLogRepository.save).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(messageService.saveOutgoing).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('QQBot reverse WS action classification', () => {
+  it('keeps the typed strict send error fields explicit', () => {
+    const error = new QqbotSendAttemptError({
+      code: 'onebot_timeout',
+      message: 'timeout',
+      retryable: true,
+      sendLogId: 'log-1',
+    });
+
+    expect(error).toMatchObject({
+      code: 'onebot_timeout',
+      name: 'QqbotSendAttemptError',
+      retryable: true,
+      sendLogId: 'log-1',
+    });
+  });
+
+  /** Creates a reverse WS service with no real server or network dependency. */
+  const createReverseWsHarness = () => {
+    const accountService = {
+      markOffline: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+    };
+    const busService = { publish: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined) };
+    const service = new QqbotReverseWsService(
+      {
+        get: jest.fn((key) => (key === 'QQBOT_API_TIMEOUT_MS' ? '10' : '')),
+      } as any,
+      {} as any,
+      {} as any,
+      accountService as any,
+      busService as any,
+      { getErrorMessage: jest.fn() } as any,
+    );
+    return { accountService, busService, service };
+  };
+
+  it('signals a disconnected reverse WS without creating a pending action', async () => {
+    const { service } = createReverseWsHarness();
+
+    await expect(
+      service.sendAction('10001', 'send_group_msg', {}),
+    ).rejects.toMatchObject({
+      code: 'onebot_disconnected',
+      name: 'QqbotReverseWsActionError',
+    });
+    expect((service as any).pendingActions.size).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it('signals timeout, clears pending state, closes the connection, and keeps successful responses intact', async () => {
+    jest.useFakeTimers();
+    try {
+      const { accountService, busService, service } = createReverseWsHarness();
+      const ws = { close: jest.fn(), readyState: 1, send: jest.fn() };
+      (service as any).connections.set('10001:Universal', ws);
+
+      const timeout = service.sendAction('10001', 'send_group_msg', {});
+      expect((service as any).pendingActions.size).toBe(1);
+      jest.advanceTimersByTime(10);
+
+      await expect(timeout).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'onebot_timeout' });
+      expect((service as any).pendingActions.size).toBe(0);
+      expect(ws.close).toHaveBeenCalledWith(1011, 'OneBot action timeout');
+      expect(accountService.markOffline).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        '10001',
+        'OneBot action timeout',
+      );
+      expect(busService.publish).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        expect.any(String),
+        expect.objectContaining({ status: 'offline' }),
+      );
+
+      const successWs = { close: jest.fn(), readyState: 1, send: jest.fn() };
+      (service as any).connections.set('10001:Universal', successWs);
+      const success = service.sendAction('10001', 'send_group_msg', {});
+      const { echo } = JSON.parse(successWs.send.mock.calls[0][0]);
+      await (service as any).resolvePendingAction('10001', {
+        data: { message_id: 'message-1' },
+        echo,
+        retcode: 0,
+        status: 'ok',
+      });
+      await expect(success).resolves.toMatchObject({
+        data: { message_id: 'message-1' },
+        status: 'ok',
+      });
+      expect((service as any).pendingActions.size).toBe(0);
+    } finally {
+      jest.useRealTimers();
+    }
+  });
+});